Esquema de vacunación infantil incompleto: Factores asociados y estrategias para una mejor cobertura.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70577/v85nj785Palabras clave:
Vacunación infantil; esquema de vacunación; cobertura de vacunación; factores asociados; inmunización; estrategias.Resumen
Introducción: El incumplimiento del esquema de vacunación infantil constituye un problema de salud pública que incrementa la susceptibilidad a enfermedades inmunoprevenibles y compromete la protección individual y colectiva. Objetivo: Analizar la evidencia científica disponible sobre los factores asociados al incumplimiento del esquema de vacunación infantil y las estrategias implementadas para mejorar la cobertura de inmunización. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática, descriptiva y retrospectiva de la literatura científica publicada entre 2021 y 2026. Se incluyeron 30 artículos originales y revisiones sistemáticas relacionados con población infantil menor de cinco años, recuperados de PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO y ScienceDirect, siguiendo el proceso de selección establecido por PRISMA 2020. Resultados: El incumplimiento del esquema estuvo asociado principalmente con factores socioeconómicos, educativos, culturales, familiares y geográficos, así como con barreras del sistema sanitario, entre ellas desabastecimiento de vacunas, horarios restringidos, dificultades de acceso y oportunidades perdidas de vacunación. Las estrategias identificadas incluyeron educación a cuidadores, búsqueda activa, seguimiento domiciliario, recordatorios mediante SMS y llamadas telefónicas, participación comunitaria, clínicas móviles y aprovechamiento de los contactos con los servicios sanitarios para completar dosis pendientes. Conclusión: Mejorar la cobertura de vacunación infantil requiere identificar oportunamente los factores asociados al incumplimiento e implementar estrategias integrales, sostenibles y adaptadas al contexto, que permitan reducir las brechas de inmunización y garantizar esquemas completos y oportunos.
Descargas
Referencias
Aguinaga-Romero, G., Jacome, C., Márquez, J., Pinos, J., Carmenates, A., Simancas-Racines, D., Parise-Vasco, J. M., Viteri-García, A., Withembury, Á., Anchayhua, Y., & Durón, R. (2025). Political support and micro-planning as success factors in a high-quality follow-up vaccination campaign in Ecuador, 2023. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica/Pan American Journal of Public Health, 49. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2025.32 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2025.32
Atnafu Gebeyehu, N., Abebe Gelaw, K., Asmare Adella, G., Dagnaw Tegegne, K., Adie Admass, B., & Mesele Gesese, M. (2023). Incomplete immunization and its determinants among children in Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2023.2202125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2023.2202125
Blagden, S., Newell, K., Ghazarians, N., Sulaiman, S., Tunn, L., Odumala, M., Isba, R., & Edge, R. (2022). Interventions delivered in secondary or tertiary medical care settings to improve routine vaccination uptake in children and young people: a scoping review. In BMJ Open (Vol. 12, Number 8). BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061749 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061749
Boke, M. M., Tenaw, G., Berhe, N. M., & Tiruneh, W. K. (2022). Determinants of incomplete childhood immunization among children aged 12–23 months in Dabat district, Northwest Ethiopia: Unmatched case- control study. PLoS ONE, 17(10 October). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274501
Capuz-Diaz, W. B., & Padilla-Buñay, S. (2025). Factores Relacionados Con El Alcance De Coberturas De Vacunación En Niños Menores De Dos Años. MQRInvestigar, 9(2), e632. https://doi.org/10.56048/mqr20225.9.2.2025.e632 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.9.2.2025.e632
Cata-Preta, B. O., Silva, L. A. N., Costa, F. S., Santos, T. M., Mengistu, T., Hogan, D. R., Victora, C. G., & Barros, A. J. D. (2024). Zero-dose children and the extended immunisation cascade: Understanding the path to full immunisation with six childhood vaccines in 43 countries. Journal of Global Health, 14. https://doi.org/10.7189/JOGH.14.04199 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.14.04199
Centurión, V. T. P., Cousirat, L., Araya, S., Benítez, I., Villafañe, M., León, D., Ramírez, L., Snead, L., Rojas, A., Monges, P., Revolero, D., Chamorro, G., Cabello, Á., & Pastor, D. (2024). Impact of the new intervention model to increase vaccination coverage in Paraguay, 2023. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica/Pan American Journal of Public Health, 48. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2024.96 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2024.96
Eze, P., Lawani, L. O., & Acharya, Y. (2021). Short message service (SMS) reminders for childhood immunisation in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. In BMJ Global Health (Vol. 6, Number 7). BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005035 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005035
Fene, F., Johri, M., Michel, M. E., Reyes-Morales, H., & Pelcastre-Villafuerte, B. E. (2025). Multiple deprivations as drivers of suboptimal basic child vaccination in Latin America and the Caribbean: cross-sectional analysis of household survey data for 18,136 children across 211 regions in 15 countries. International Journal for Equity in Health, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-025-02561-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-025-02561-9
Gomes, G. M., Assis, G. G. T., Silva, S. C. de S. B., Trotte, L. A. C., & Stipp, M. A. C. (2025). Health team practices to improve vaccination coverage of children in a favela. Revista Da Escola de Enfermagem Da USP, 59. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2024-0337en DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2024-0337en
Haeuser, E., Byrne, S., Nguyen, J., Raggi, C., McLaughlin, S. A., Bisignano, C., Harris, A. A., Smith, A. E., Lindstedt, P. A., Smith, G., Herold, S. J., Nesbit, O. D., Noyes, T., Shalev, N., Olana, L. T., Aalipour, M. A., Aalruz, H., Abbasifard, M., Abbaspour, F., … Mosser, J. F. (2025). Global, regional, and national trends in routine childhood vaccination coverage from 1980 to 2023 with forecasts to 2030: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. The Lancet, 406(10500), 235–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01037-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01037-2
Jain, M., Shisler, S., Lane, C., Bagai, A., Brown, E., & Engelbert, M. (2022). Use of community engagement interventions to improve child immunisation in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. In BMJ Open (Vol. 12, Number 11). BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061568 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061568
Jejaw, M., Tafere, T. Z., Tiruneh, M. G., Hagos, A., Teshale, G., Tilahun, M. M., Negash, W. D., & Demissie, K. A. (2025). Three in four children age 12–23 months missed opportunities for vaccination in Sub-Saharan African countries: a multilevel mixed effect analysis of demographic health and surveys 2016–2023. BMC Public Health, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-21273-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-21273-3
Lai, X., Zhang, H., Pouwels, K. B., Patenaude, B., Jit, M., & Fang, H. (2023). Estimating global and regional between-country inequality in routine childhood vaccine coverage in 195 countries and territories from 2019 to 2021: a longitudinal study. www.thelancet.com DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102042
Laínez Tomalá A, Díaz Espinoza M, García Borbor L. Factores que influyen en la deserción de la vacunación infantil en niños menores de 2 años. Revista de Investigación, Formativa, Innovación y Aplicaciones. [Internet].2024. [citado 01 Oct 2025];6(1),39-49. Disponible en: https://ojs.formacion.edu.ec/index.php/rei/article/view/357/699
Mengistu, M., Farheen, A., Bryant, D. M., Kothari, A., Zecevic, A. A., & Ezezika, O. (2026). Strategies for improving childhood routine immunization coverage: a global systematic review & meta-analyses. In Discover public health (Vol. 23, Number 1). BioMed Central Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-026-01807-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-026-01807-3
Miranda Gil, L., & Huertas-Angulo, F. (2024). Determinants of Acceptance or Rejection of Vaccination. SCIÉNDO, 27(4), 445–451. https://doi.org/10.17268/sciendo.2024.076 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17268/sciendo.2024.076
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2025, 15 de julio). Cobertura de inmunización. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2025, 15 de julio). Cobertura de inmunización. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage
Ortiz-Prado, E., Villacreses-Brito, L. C., Vasconez-Gonzalez, J., Jacome, C. A., Arias-Intriago, M., & Izquierdo-Condoy, J. S. (2025). Assessing Immunization Coverage and the Negative Impact of Local Vaccine Production Cessation in Ecuador. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13040348
Osorio López, E. A., Urquieta-Salomón, J. E., Alfaro Quevedo Pinos, M., Espinoza Suárez, J. B., Becerril-Montekio, V., Espinosa-Henao, O. E., & Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (2024). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the immunization program for children under 5 years of age in Ecuador. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica/Pan American Journal of Public Health, 48. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2024.134 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2024.134
Oyo-Ita, A., Oduwole, O., Arikpo, D., Effa, E. E., Esu, E. B., Balakrishna, Y., Chibuzor, M. T., Oringanje, C. M., Nwachukwu, C. E., Wiysonge, C. S., & Meremikwu, M. M. (2023). Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low- and middle-income countries. In Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Vol. 2023, Number 12). John Wiley and Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008145.pub4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008145.pub4
Patel, A. (2024). Shaping immunity against infectious diseases with multivalent DNA vaccines. Vaccine Insights, 03(02), 29–33. https://doi.org/10.18609/vac.2024.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18609/vac.2024.002
Perugachi Lema, S. L., & Valera Lloris, R. (2024). Análisis de la Renuencia a vacunas en la población Infantil. Revisión Sistemática. Metro Ciencia, 32(4), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.47464/metrociencia/vol32/4/2024/39-58 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47464/MetroCiencia/vol32/4/2024/39-58
Quirola Gavilánez, J. C., & Herrera López, J. L. (2022). Sociocultural factors related to compliance with vaccination schemes in children under 2 years of age during confinement. Sapienza, 3(1), 106–117. https://doi.org/10.51798/sijis.v3i1.219 DOI: https://doi.org/10.51798/sijis.v3i1.219
Reifferscheid, L., Kiely, M. S., Lin, M. S. N., Libon, J., Kennedy, M., & MacDonald, S. E. (2023). Effectiveness of hospital-based strategies for improving childhood immunization coverage: A systematic review. In Vaccine (Vol. 41, Number 36, pp. 5233–5244). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.036
Rodríguez Benítez, M. P., & Anchundia Villa, A. X. (2024). Métodos de Aprendizaje Social para Optimizar el Cumplimiento de la ENI del MSP del Ecuador y a Nivel Internacional. Revisión Sistemática. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 8(3), 8761–8784. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v8i3.12034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v8i3.12034
Rosa, U., & Labajos, N. (n.d.). Esta obra tiene una licencia de Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internacional KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES ABOUT CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION AMONG MOTHERS OF CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS OF AGE ATTENDING A PRIMARY CARE CENTER IN LIMA. https://doi.org/10.53684/csp.v5i1.137
Sánchez Rodríguez, E. E., & Utreras Domínguez, N. N. (2026). Impacto de la vacunación infantil en la morbilidad por enfermedades prevenibles: Revisión sistemática 2015-2024. FACSALUD-UNEMI, 9(17), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.29076/issn.2602-8360vol9iss17.2025pp185-194p DOI: https://doi.org/10.29076/issn.2602-8360vol9iss17.2025pp185-194p
Shahid, A. S. M. S. Bin, Rahman, A. E., Shahunja, K. M., Afroze, F., Sarmin, M., Nuzhat, S., Alam, T., Chowdhury, F., Sultana, M. S., Ackhter, M. M., Parvin, I., Saha, H., Islam, S. Bin, Shahrin, L., Ahmed, T., & Chisti, M. J. (2023). Vaccination following the expanded programme on immunization schedule could help to reduce deaths in children under five hospitalized for pneumonia and severe pneumonia in a developing country. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2023.1054335 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2023.1054335
Shet, A., Carr, K., Danovaro-Holliday, M. C., Sodha, S. V., Prosperi, C., Wunderlich, J., Wonodi, C., Reynolds, H. W., Mirza, I., Gacic-Dobo, M., O’Brien, K. L., & Lindstrand, A. (2022). Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on routine immunisation services: evidence of disruption and recovery from 170 countries and territories. The Lancet Global Health, 10(2), e186–e194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00512-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00512-X
Vargas, A., Mateo, A., Bello, Z., Rodríguez, Y., Lemos, D. R. Q., Andino, R. D., Anchayhua, Y., & Peguero, M. (2024). Rapid vaccination monitoring and its impact on vaccination coverage for high-quality catch-up campaigns in the Dominican Republic, 2023. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica/Pan American Journal of Public Health, 48. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2024.125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2024.125
Villacreses, C., Izquierdo-Condoy, J. S., Vasconez-Gonzalez, J., Dávila-Rosero, M. G., Tello-De-la-Torre, A., López-Cortes, A., & Ortiz-Prado, E. (2026). Countrywide analysis of vaccination rates in Ecuador from 2014 to 2024: Trends, inequalities and public health implications. Vaccine: X, 28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100770 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100770
Wassenaar, M., Fombah, A. E., Chen, H., Owusu-Kyei, K., Williams, J., Sunders, J. H. C., Llach, M., Quinto, L., Sesay, T., Samai, M., Menéndez, C., & González, R. (2024). Immunisation coverage and factors associated with incomplete immunisation in children under two during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone. BMC Public Health, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-17534-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-17534-2
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2026 Daniela Yolanda Torres Celi, Juana del Carmen Camacho Ramírez, Lorena Alexandra Dávila Celi (Autor/a)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
